搜索是大数据领域里常见的需求。Splunk和ELK分别是该领域在非开源和开源领域里的***。本文利用很少的Python代码实现了一个基本的数据搜索功能,试图让大家理解大数据搜索的基本原理。

布隆过滤器 (Bloom Filter)
***步我们先要实现一个布隆过滤器。
布隆过滤器是大数据领域的一个常见算法,它的目的是过滤掉那些不是目标的元素。也就是说如果一个要搜索的词并不存在与我的数据中,那么它可以以很快的速度返回目标不存在。
让我们看看以下布隆过滤器的代码:
- class Bloomfilter(object):
 - """
 - A Bloom filter is a probabilistic data-structure that trades space for accuracy
 - when determining if a value is in a set. It can tell you if a value was possibly
 - added, or if it was definitely not added, but it can't tell you for certain that
 - it was added.
 - """
 - def __init__(self, size):
 - """Setup the BF with the appropriate size"""
 - self.values = [False] * size
 - self.size = size
 - def hash_value(self, value):
 - """Hash the value provided and scale it to fit the BF size"""
 - return hash(value) % self.size
 - def add_value(self, value):
 - """Add a value to the BF"""
 - h = self.hash_value(value)
 - self.values[h] = True
 - def might_contain(self, value):
 - """Check if the value might be in the BF"""
 - h = self.hash_value(value)
 - return self.values[h]
 - def print_contents(self):
 - """Dump the contents of the BF for debugging purposes"""
 - print self.values
 
看到这里,大家应该可以看出,如果布隆过滤器返回False,那么数据一定是没有索引过的,然而如果返回True,那也不能说数据一定就已经被索引过。在搜索过程中使用布隆过滤器可以使得很多没有***的搜索提前返回来提高效率。
我们看看这段 code是如何运行的:
- bf = Bloomfilter(10)
 - bf.add_value('dog')
 - bf.add_value('fish')
 - bf.add_value('cat')
 - bf.print_contents()
 - bf.add_value('bird')
 - bf.print_contents()
 - # Note: contents are unchanged after adding bird - it collides
 - for term in ['dog', 'fish', 'cat', 'bird', 'duck', 'emu']:
 - print '{}: {} {}'.format(term, bf.hash_value(term), bf.might_contain(term))
 
结果:
- [False, False, False, False, True, True, False, False, False, True]
 - [False, False, False, False, True, True, False, False, False, True]
 - dog: 5 True
 - fish: 4 True
 - cat: 9 True
 - bird: 9 True
 - duck: 5 True
 - emu: 8 False
 
首先创建了一个容量为10的的布隆过滤器
然后分别加入 ‘dog’,‘fish’,‘cat’三个对象,这时的布隆过滤器的内容如下:
然后加入‘bird’对象,布隆过滤器的内容并没有改变,因为‘bird’和‘fish’恰好拥有相同的哈希。
***我们检查一堆对象('dog', 'fish', 'cat', 'bird', 'duck', 'emu')是不是已经被索引了。结果发现‘duck’返回True,2而‘emu’返回False。因为‘duck’的哈希恰好和‘dog’是一样的。
分词
下面一步我们要实现分词。 分词的目的是要把我们的文本数据分割成可搜索的最小单元,也就是词。这里我们主要针对英语,因为中文的分词涉及到自然语言处理,比较复杂,而英文基本只要用标点符号就好了。
下面我们看看分词的代码:
- def major_segments(s):
 - """
 - Perform major segmenting on a string. Split the string by all of the major
 - breaks, and return the set of everything found. The breaks in this implementation
 - are single characters, but in Splunk proper they can be multiple characters.
 - A set is used because ordering doesn't matter, and duplicates are bad.
 - """
 - major_breaks = ' '
 - last = -1
 - results = set()
 - # enumerate() will give us (0, s[0]), (1, s[1]), ...
 - for idx, ch in enumerate(s):
 - if ch in major_breaks:
 - segment = s[last+1:idx]
 - results.add(segment)
 - last = idx
 - # The last character may not be a break so always capture
 - # the last segment (which may end up being "", but yolo)
 - segment = s[last+1:]
 - results.add(segment)
 - return results
 
主要分割
主要分割使用空格来分词,实际的分词逻辑中,还会有其它的分隔符。例如Splunk的缺省分割符包括以下这些,用户也可以定义自己的分割符。
- def minor_segments(s):
 - """
 - Perform minor segmenting on a string. This is like major
 - segmenting, except it also captures from the start of the
 - input to each break.
 - """
 - minor_breaks = '_.'
 - last = -1
 - results = set()
 - for idx, ch in enumerate(s):
 - if ch in minor_breaks:
 - segment = s[last+1:idx]
 - results.add(segment)
 - segment = s[:idx]
 - results.add(segment)
 - last = idx
 - segment = s[last+1:]
 - results.add(segment)
 - results.add(s)
 - return results
 
次要分割
次要分割和主要分割的逻辑类似,只是还会把从开始部分到当前分割的结果加入。例如“1.2.3.4”的次要分割会有1,2,3,4,1.2,1.2.3
- def segments(event):
 - """Simple wrapper around major_segments / minor_segments"""
 - results = set()
 - for major in major_segments(event):
 - for minor in minor_segments(major):
 - results.add(minor)
 - return results
 
分词的逻辑就是对文本先进行主要分割,对每一个主要分割在进行次要分割。然后把所有分出来的词返回。
我们看看这段 code是如何运行的:
- for term in segments('src_ip = 1.2.3.4'):
 - print term
 - src
 - 1.2
 - 1.2.3.4
 - src_ip
 - 3
 - 1
 - 1.2.3
 - ip
 - 2
 - =
 - 4
 
搜索
好了,有个分词和布隆过滤器这两个利器的支撑后,我们就可以来实现搜索的功能了。
上代码:
- class Splunk(object):
 - def __init__(self):
 - self.bf = Bloomfilter(64)
 - self.terms = {} # Dictionary of term to set of events
 - self.events = []
 - def add_event(self, event):
 - """Adds an event to this object"""
 - # Generate a unique ID for the event, and save it
 - event_id = len(self.events)
 - self.events.append(event)
 - # Add each term to the bloomfilter, and track the event by each term
 - for term in segments(event):
 - self.bf.add_value(term)
 - if term not in self.terms:
 - self.terms[term] = set()
 - self.terms[term].add(event_id)
 - def search(self, term):
 - """Search for a single term, and yield all the events that contain it"""
 - # In Splunk this runs in O(1), and is likely to be in filesystem cache (memory)
 - if not self.bf.might_contain(term):
 - return
 - # In Splunk this probably runs in O(log N) where N is the number of terms in the tsidx
 - if term not in self.terms:
 - return
 - for event_id in sorted(self.terms[term]):
 - yield self.events[event_id]
 
我们运行下看看把:
- s = Splunk()
 - s.add_event('src_ip = 1.2.3.4')
 - s.add_event('src_ip = 5.6.7.8')
 - s.add_event('dst_ip = 1.2.3.4')
 - for event in s.search('1.2.3.4'):
 - print event
 - print '-'
 - for event in s.search('src_ip'):
 - print event
 - print '-'
 - for event in s.search('ip'):
 - print event
 - src_ip = 1.2.3.4
 - dst_ip = 1.2.3.4
 - -
 - src_ip = 1.2.3.4
 - src_ip = 5.6.7.8
 - -
 - src_ip = 1.2.3.4
 - src_ip = 5.6.7.8
 - dst_ip = 1.2.3.4
 
是不是很赞!
更复杂的搜索
更进一步,在搜索过程中,我们想用And和Or来实现更复杂的搜索逻辑。
上代码:
- class SplunkM(object):
 - def __init__(self):
 - self.bf = Bloomfilter(64)
 - self.terms = {} # Dictionary of term to set of events
 - self.events = []
 - def add_event(self, event):
 - """Adds an event to this object"""
 - # Generate a unique ID for the event, and save it
 - event_id = len(self.events)
 - self.events.append(event)
 - # Add each term to the bloomfilter, and track the event by each term
 - for term in segments(event):
 - self.bf.add_value(term)
 - if term not in self.terms:
 - self.terms[term] = set()
 - self.terms[term].add(event_id)
 - def search_all(self, terms):
 - """Search for an AND of all terms"""
 - # Start with the universe of all events...
 - results = set(range(len(self.events)))
 - for term in terms:
 - # If a term isn't present at all then we can stop looking
 - if not self.bf.might_contain(term):
 - return
 - if term not in self.terms:
 - return
 - # Drop events that don't match from our results
 - results = results.intersection(self.terms[term])
 - for event_id in sorted(results):
 - yield self.events[event_id]
 - def search_any(self, terms):
 - """Search for an OR of all terms"""
 - results = set()
 - for term in terms:
 - # If a term isn't present, we skip it, but don't stop
 - if not self.bf.might_contain(term):
 - continue
 - if term not in self.terms:
 - continue
 - # Add these events to our results
 - results = results.union(self.terms[term])
 - for event_id in sorted(results):
 - yield self.events[event_id]
 
利用Python集合的intersection和union操作,可以很方便的支持And(求交集)和Or(求合集)的操作。
运行结果如下:
- s = SplunkM()
 - s.add_event('src_ip = 1.2.3.4')
 - s.add_event('src_ip = 5.6.7.8')
 - s.add_event('dst_ip = 1.2.3.4')
 - for event in s.search_all(['src_ip', '5.6']):
 - print event
 - print '-'
 - for event in s.search_any(['src_ip', 'dst_ip']):
 - print event
 - src_ip = 5.6.7.8
 - -
 - src_ip = 1.2.3.4
 - src_ip = 5.6.7.8
 - dst_ip = 1.2.3.4
 
总结
以上的代码只是为了说明大数据搜索的基本原理,包括布隆过滤器,分词和倒排表。如果大家真的想要利用这代码来实现真正的搜索功能,还差的太远。
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