扫二维码与项目经理沟通
我们在微信上24小时期待你的声音
解答本文疑问/技术咨询/运营咨询/技术建议/互联网交流
本文主要给大家简单讲讲MySQL中该如何约束及修改数据表,相关专业术语大家可以上网查查或者找一些相关书籍补充一下,这里就不涉猎了,我们就直奔主题吧,希望MySQL中该如何约束及修改数据表这篇文章可以给大家带来一些实际帮助。
网站建设哪家好,找创新互联!专注于网页设计、网站建设、微信开发、小程序开发、集团企业网站建设等服务项目。为回馈新老客户创新互联还提供了广平免费建站欢迎大家使用!
约束:
按功能划为:
NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY , UNIQUE KEY , DEFAULT , FOREIGN KEY
按数据列的数目划为:
表级约束,列级约束
修改数据表:
针对字段的操作:添加 / 删除字段、修改列定义、 修改列名称等
针对约束的操作:添加 / 删除各种约束
针对数据表的操作:数据表更名(两种方式)
*** 约束保证数据的完整性和一致性
*** 约束分为表级约束和列级约束
*** 约束类型包括:
NOT NULL(非空约束)
PRIMARY KEY(主键约束)
UNIQUE KEY(唯一约束)
DEFAULT(默认约束)
FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)
1.外键约束的要求解析
*** 父表和子表必须使用相同的存储引擎,而且禁止使用临时表。
*** 数据表的存储引擎只能为InnoDB。
*** 外键列和参照列必须具有相似的数据类型。其中数字的长度或是否有符号位必须相同;而字符的长度则可以不同。
主键是默认自带索引的 而外键列创建时一般参照的是带有主键那一列 因此如果外键列没有创建索引的话就会被MYSQL根据参照列的索引创建一个索引
*** 外键列是不可以以一个没有索引的列作为参照列的
1.参照列必须要创建一个索引(如果用的是主键默认自带索引 所以不用创建)
2.外键列随意 如果不创建索引会被创建
【1】编辑数据表的默认存储引擎,配置文件/etc/my.cnf
1 [mysqld]2 default-storage-engine=INNODB
【2】 创建省份数据表,查看存储引擎
mysql> USE test; mysql> CREATE TABLE provinces( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL -> ); mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE provinces;+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Table | Create Table |+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| tb0 | CREATE TABLE `provinces` ( `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `pname` varchar(20) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
【3】创建用户数据表,其中外键列必须和参照列必须有相似的数据类型
mysql> CREATE TABLE users( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED, -> FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id) -> );
注意:其中有外键列的users表为子表,有参照列id列provinces为父表
创建主键时自动创建索引,查看父表自动创建的1个索引
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM provinces\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: provinces Non_unique: 0 Key_name: PRIMARYSeq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
若外键列没有索引,自动创建:
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users Non_unique: 0 Key_name: PRIMARYSeq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: users Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.外键约束的参照操作
*** cascade :从父表删除或更新且自动删除或更新子表中匹配的行
*** set null :从父表删除或更新行,并设置子表中的外键列为NULL。如果使用该选项,必须保证子表列没有指定NOT NULL
*** restrict :拒绝对父表的删除或更新操作
*** no action :标准的SQL的关键词,在MySQL中与restrict相同
CASCADE例:
mysql> CREATE TABLE provinces( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL -> ); mysql> CREATE TABLE users1( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED, -> FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id) ON DELETE CASCADE -> ); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('Tom'); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('John'); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES('Driver'); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Huang',2); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Li',3); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Pan',3); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('He',1); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES('Long',2); mysql> SELECT * FROM users1;+----+----------+------+| id | username | pid |+----+----------+------+| 1 | Huang | 2 || 2 | Li | 3 || 5 | Pan | 3 || 6 | He | 1 || 7 | Long | 2 |+----+----------+------+mysql> SELECT * FROM provinces; +----+--------+| id | pname |+----+--------+| 1 | Tom || 2 | John || 3 | Driver |+----+--------+ mysql> DELETE FROM provinces WHERE id=3; mysql> SELECT * FROM provinces;+----+-------+| id | pname |+----+-------+| 1 | Tom || 2 | John |+----+-------+mysql> SELECT * FROM users1; +----+----------+------+| id | username | pid |+----+----------+------+| 1 | Huang | 2 || 6 | He | 1 || 7 | Long | 2 |+----+----------+------+
3.表级约束和列级约束
*** 对一个数据列建立的约束,称为列级约束
*** 对多个数据列建立的约束,称为表级约束
*** 列级约束既可以在列定义时声明,也可以在列定义后声明
*** 表级约束只能在列定以后声明
4.修改数据表
添加单列
ALTER TABLE tbl_name(数据表名称) ADD [COLUMN] col_name(列名) column_definition(列定义) [FIRST(插入列到最前面)|AFTER(插入列到指定列的后方) col_name(列名)(如果不写FIRST和AFTER,则插入到最后一列)]
例:
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1;+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
添加age列到最后一列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 10; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
添加password列到username列的后面:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD password VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL AFTER username; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
添加truename列到第一列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD truename VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL FIRST; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| truename | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
删除列:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name(数据表名称) DROP [COLUMN] col_name(列名)
例,删除truename列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 DROP truename; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
同时删除age和password列,(也可同时增加删除)用逗号分割:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 DROP age,DROP password; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
添加 / 删除主键约束:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,...) //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP PRIMARY KEY //删除
添加 / 删除唯一约束:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...) //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name //删除
添加 / 删除外键约束:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...) reference_definition //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol //删除
添加 / 删除默认约束:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal|DROP DEFAULT} //添加 mysql> ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER age DROP DEFAULT; //删除
添加主键约束:创建users2数据表,增加id列,设置id列为主键:
mysql> CREATE TABLE users2( -> username VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED -> ); mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD id SMALLINT UNSIGNED; mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD CONSTRAINT pk_users2_id PRIMARY KEY (id); mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2;+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| username | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
删除主键约束:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
添加唯一约束:添加username列为唯一约束:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD CONSTRAINT OK_users2_username UNIQUE KEY (username);
删除唯一约束:
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users2\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 0 Key_name: OK_users2_username Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: username Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP INDEX OK_users2_username; mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users2\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
添加外键约束:添加pid列为外键列,provincse数据表中的id为参照列:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id);
删除外键约束:
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE users2; +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Table | Create Table |+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| users2 | CREATE TABLE `users2` ( `username` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL, `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `age` tinyint(4) NOT NULL, KEY `pid` (`pid`), CONSTRAINT `users2_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provinces` (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP FOREIGN KEY users2_ibfk_1;
添加默认约束:添加age列,设置age列默认15
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD age TINYINT NOT NULL; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | || age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ALTER age SET DEFAULT 15; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | || age | tinyint(4) | NO | | 15 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
删除默认值:
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ALTER age DROP DEFAULT; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | || age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
修改列定义:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
修改列名称(不能随便更改):
ALTER TABLE tbl_name CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_dufinition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
修改数据表名字(不能随便更改):
方法一:
ALTER TABLE old_tbl_name RENAME new_tbl_name
方法二:
RENAME TABLE old_tbl_name TO new_tbl_name [,tbl_name2 TO new_tbl_name2]...
MySQL中该如何约束及修改数据表就先给大家讲到这里,对于其它相关问题大家想要了解的可以持续关注我们的行业资讯。我们的板块内容每天都会捕捉一些行业新闻及专业知识分享给大家的。
我们在微信上24小时期待你的声音
解答本文疑问/技术咨询/运营咨询/技术建议/互联网交流